Prof. Panagiotis Bamidis introduced Prof. A. Papanicolaou who presented an exciting talk describing the use of functional neuroimaging techniques in pre-surgical mapping of brain activity. Prof. Papanicolaou initiated his talk focusing on the reproducibility of the neuroimaging methods, as an important marker for their reliability. Reliability of course is the key point in order to apply these techniques in pre-surgical brain operations. Prof. Papanicolaou distinguished TMS from the other neuroimaging techniques as an interventional method, which can serve as causal brain mapping method. He introduced the corresponding invasive procedures as well, and convincingly argued that these procedures have to be replaced via the functional neuroimaging techniques which due to modern methodological advances have reached an augmented level of reliability. The talk initiated a variety of questions both in methodological as well as usability issues related to functional neuroimaging and started a strong conversation.